The Centrist proposals The Centrist proposals (CDPI, CDP, Lakas, 2004 ConCom and CDA) calls for a shift to a parliamentary-federal system, with a unicameral body, with the president as head of state and a...

Proposed Amendments to the 1987 Philippine Constitution [The Constitution of the Federal Republic of the Philippines] The PDP Laban Model of PH Federalism: An Executive Summary The Philippines has a unitary system of government...

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the Universe, in order to establish a secular Government of integrity and competence that shall embody our ideals, promote the general...

Article 1. The political association of all Filipinos, regardless of ethnicity, constitutes a Nation, whose State shall be named the Republic of the Philippines. Accordingly, the Republic: Recognizes the rights of indigenous peoples and cultural...

Article 4. The Government of the Republic is popular, representative, and responsible, and shall be divided among three distinct powers, which shall be the legislative, executive, and judicial. Never can two or more of these...

Article 5. The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all beliefs. No religion may be exalted above any other, and no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting its free...

Article 7. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun of eight rays and three stars as recognized by law. Flags of autonomous territories may be recognized provided...

Article 8. The State may not be sued without its consent. The President and Vice President of the Republic and the President of the Council of Government shall be immune from suit during their respective...

Article 9. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service....

Article 13. This Constitution shall be promulgated in English and Spanish and shall be translated into territorial languages. Its English and Spanish drafts shall both be authoritative, and any conflict between them shall be resolved...

Article 14. The following are citizens of the Philippines: Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;...

Article 17. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. Article 18. No human being shall...

Article 42. It shall be the duty of the citizen to be loyal to the Republic of the Philippines and to honor the Philippine flag, to defend the State and contribute to its development and...

Article 48. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines who are not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines...

Article 50. Legislative power shall be vested in a unicameral National Assembly, except to the extent as otherwise provided in Articles 76 and 77 of this Constitution. Article 51. The National Assembly shall be composed of...

Article 85. The National Assembly, one day before the ordinary period of sessions is officially closed, shall elect eleven of its members on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties represented therein...

Article 88. Executive power resides in the President of the Republic, who shall exercise it only upon the direction of the Council of Government and the binding advice of its president. Article 89. The administration...

Article 90. The President of the Republic, as the Head of State, symbolizes the sovereignty of the people and the unity and solidarity of the nation with its ethnic, linguistic, cultural, social and economic diversities....

Article 108. The members of the Council of Government shall form the Council of State, in which the Vice President of the Republic shall have a seat when he has been elected. The Council of...

Article 110. The President of the Council of Government is the Head of Government of the Republic of the Philippines and shall have the assistance of the Secretaries of the same Council. Article 111. The...

Article 122. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court of Justice and in such lower courts as may be established by law. Article 123. The National Assembly shall have the power to define,...

Article 139. The Constitutional Commissions, which shall be independent, are the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, the Commission on Audit, and the Rights Enforcement Commission. Article 140. No member of a Constitutional Commission shall,...

Article 147. The civil service shall be administered by the Civil Service Commission composed of a Chairman and two Members who shall be citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at...

Article 156. There shall be a Commission on Elections composed of a Chairman and four Members who shall be citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years of...

Article 168. There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two Members, who shall be citizens of the Philippines and, at the time of their appointment, at least thirty-five years...

Article 172. The Commission on Human Rights is hereby reconstituted as the Rights Enforcement Commission, to be composed of a Chairman and four Members. It shall be tasked with the protection of civil and political...