Platforms & Competence: True leadership, not popularity politics.
Shifting to the Parliamentary System is perhaps the most technical and most complicated of all the three agenda points in the Three Point CoRRECT™ Agenda. For a very long time, this particular reform had been demonized by rogue politicians, Oligarchs, and other uninformed sources featured prominently in Philippine Mass Media.
So many Filipinos have been misled and fooled into going against this reform. It is for this reason that we have compiled as many information resources & links on the topic in order to give Filipinos a better appreciation of how the the Parliamentary System works.
Feel free to click on each of the links below so that you can watch youtube videos that can instruct you about the Parliamentary System or how it works…
Parliamentary System YouTube videos:
Why does the Philippines need a Parliamentary System?
Parliamentary Systems are more democratic than Presidentialist ones
Fareed Zakaria: Why Parliamentary is better than Presidential
Australia's Federal Parliamentary System
Inside Australia's Parliament
How the German Government Works (by KhAnubis)
The German Election System Explained
Presidential Philippines versus Parliamentary India
What is the difference between parliament and government?
How the German Government Works
Hon Zhivargo Laing Explains The Bahamas Parliamentary system of Government
Canada's Parliamentary System
RMR: How Parliament Works
British Parliament structure explained
The role of Parliament
A Guide to the UK Elections—for non-Brits
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Why does the Philippines need a Parliamentary System?
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Parliamentary Systems are more democratic than Presidentialist ones
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Fareed Zakaria: Why Parliamentary is better than Presidential
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Australia's Federal Parliamentary System
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Inside Australia's Parliament
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How the German Government Works (by KhAnubis)
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The German Election System Explained
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Presidential Philippines versus Parliamentary India
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What is the difference between parliament and government?
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How the German Government Works
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Hon Zhivargo Laing Explains The Bahamas Parliamentary system of Government
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Canada's Parliamentary System
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RMR: How Parliament Works
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British Parliament structure explained
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The role of Parliament
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A Guide to the UK Elections—for non-Brits
Useful PDFs on the Parliamentary System
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Who does better for the Economy? Presidents vs Parliamentary Democracies by Richard McManus & F. Gulcin Ozkan --- Are certain forms of government associated with superior economic outcomes? This paper attempts to answer that question by examining how government systems influence macroeconomic performance. We find that presidential regimes consistently are associated with less favorable outcomes than parliamentary regimes: slower output growth, higher and more volatile inflation and greater income inequality. Download
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The Personal Vote and Economic Reform by Tanya Bagashka --- In the post-communist and many developing countries, the transition to democracy occurred in tandem with radical economic reform or transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. The simultaneous transition begs the questions: Why have some new democracies implemented reforms more quickly and successfully than others? Has the choice of political institutions affected the progress of economic reform? Here we focus on the effects of electoral rules. Electoral systems affect two dimensions of political competition: inter-party and intra-party, both of which have implications for the success of economic reform. Download
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Contemporary Democracy in a Parliamentary System by Kazuyuki Takahashi --- A change of government has two implications for the quality of democracy. First, a change of government confirms the existence of democracy. There is no better proof that democracy exists than the fact that a change of government takes place following a free popular election. Second, popular belief in the possibility of a change of government, supported and strengthened by actual experience, enables the people to make a real choice. Where there is no significant chance of altering government, elections lose their meaning. The people are forced either to accept the existing government or embrace uncertainty by rejecting it. Download
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The Advantages of Parliament beyond the Perils of Presidentialism by François de Soete --- This article argues that the parliamentary model's institutional features are better-suited than those of the presidential model for achieving what is here termed indirect deliberative democracy. In the end, showing that a parliament can more closely approximate a deliberative environment in comparison with a presidential system can in itself serve as a step toward actualizing indirect deliberative democracy. Download
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Latin American Presidencies Interrupted by Arturo Valenzuela --- While the case for adopting parliamentarism might seem compelling to political scientists, the idea of such a shift is plainly anathema to most Latin American citizens. The overwhelming symbolic authority attributed to presidentialism leaps out from the pages of the region’s history and bestrides its politics like a colossus. Even if successful democratic presidents have been few and far between, there have been enough legends such as Mexico’s Benito Juárez (1861–63, 1867–72) to keep Latin America the continent of presidentialism par excellence. Brazil, which is unique in the region for having remained officially a monarchy from the time of its independence in 1822 until 1889, decisively defeated a 1993 referendum on shifting to parliamentarism. Download
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The Politics of Semi-Presidentialism by Robert Elgie --- This chapter provides an introduction to the concept of semi-presidentialism and establishes a framework for the study of the politics of semi-presidential regimes. In the first part of the chapter, the evolution of the concept of semi-presidentialism will be sketched, some of the main criticisms of the concept will be considered, a slight reformulation of the standard definition of the term will be proposed, and a list of semi-presidential regimes will be identified. Download
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The Limits of the Parliamentary Critique of the Separation of Powers by Thomas Sargentich --- The CoRRECT™ Movement generally disagrees with the stand of the late author. Despite the evidence being extremely abundant that the Parliamentary System is far superior to the Presidential System, this paper from 1993 attempts to reject such overwhelming evidence. Sadly, Prof. Sargentlich died in 2005 and was not able to see the piling up of more evidence of the failure of the presidential system and the dysfunctions of its numerous shutdowns and instances of gridlock in the USA. That said, this paper is included here because it includes a lot of good information about the history of the pro-Parliamentary movement in the USA. Had he lived to see how the system works today, it is likely that he would become an advocate of shifting the USA to the Parliamentary System. Download
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Parliamentarism, Freedom from Corruption, FDI, & Per Capita PPP: The Causal Nexus by Eduardo Alicias, Jr. --- This study examines the hypothesized causal nexus involving the parliamentary system of government, freedom from corruption, foreign direct investment (FDI), and per capita purchasing power parity (the dependent variable). It is theorized that the parliamentary system of government brings about greater freedom from corruption; and which in turn, directly and/or indirectly brings about greater per capita purchasing power parity (per capita PPP)— isolating the extraneous effects of a set of control variables. Download
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Systems of Government: Parliamentarism & Presidentialism by José Antonio Cheibub --- With the exception of the United States, where a system of separation of executive and legislative powers exists, all countries that are considered to be stable democracies adopt a constitution that is, at least partially, parliamentary. A parliamentary constitution is characterized by the fusion of executive and legislative powers, achieved by the fact that the government needs the confidence of a majority in the legislative assembly in order to come to and remain in power. Download
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Constitutional Frameworks & Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism by Alfred Stepan & Cindy Skach --- We believe we are now in a position to say that the explanation of why parliamentarianism is a more supportive constitutional framework lies in the following theoretically predictable and empirically observable tendencies: its greater propensity for governments to have majorities to implement their programs; its greater ability to rule in a multiparty setting; its lower propensity for executives to rule at the edge of the constitution and its greater facility at removing a chief executive who does so; its lower susceptibility to military coup; and its greater tendency to provide long party-government careers, which add loyalty and experience to political society. Download
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The Efficient Secret: How the US nearly adopted a Parliamentary System & why it should have done so by Frank H. Buckley --- The American presidential system, with its separation of powers, plausibly imposes enormous costs on the economy without compensating gains, as seen in the current gridlock over the debt crisis. Modern parliamentary systems of government, such as those in Britain and Canada, seem to handle such problems more efficiently. Regretfully, however, the principle of separationism has been extended in Supreme Court decisions and in the Senate filibuster, in part because of the mistaken idea that this is what the Founders intended. Download
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Presidents, Assemblies and Policy-making in Asia Edited by Yuko Kasuya --- This book is concerned with executive–legislative relations in the presidential and semi-presidential democracies of Asia. Since around the mid-1980s, comparative politics scholars have advanced our understanding of differences in executive–legislative relations and their impact on many aspects of political life. These impacts include regime stability, the quality of governance, policy-making processes, formation of parties and party systems, ethnic conflict, and even the international actions of the states.1 These consequences have been analysed with a focus on differences in the two basic forms of executive–legislative relations – that is, (semi-) presidential versus parliamentary government – as well as with a focus on executive–legislative relations within one form of government Download
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Inequality, Political Systems, and Public Spending by Filippo Gregorini & Enrico Longoni --- The aim of this paper is to check for the existence of a link between political institutions, income inequality and public spending. We develop an empirical investigation, based on panel data analysis, on the determinants of public spending focusing on political, economic, demographic and social variables in large sample of developed and developing countries from 1970 to 2005. Download
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The Election & Presidency of Joseph Ejercito Estrada by Bastiaan van de Loo --- "In the Philippines it is a known fact that patrons are needed in everything, from the time one is baptized until one dies, to obtain justice, secure a passport or exploit whatever industry." This is what national hero Jose Rizal wrote in 1889 about his beloved home country, the Philippines. Download
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The People's Draft: Executive Summary The People’s Draft is a crowd-sourced constitution framed in 2018 at the initiative of Tanggulang Demokrasya (Tan Dem), Inc.ii and PUBLiCUS Asia, Inc. The main features of the Peoples’ Draft are as follows: (1) “Foreign investment liberalization” (for massive job creation and consumer price reduction); (2) “Collective rule” by a unicameral parliament and the local councils (for platform-based party politics, instead of personality-based politics); (3) “Regional decentralization” via the “bottom-up” approach, instead of the “top-down” approach (to empower the people of the regions). Download
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Interaction of Powers in the Philippine Presidential System by Takeshi Kawanaka --- The executive – legislative relations in the Philippines have been described in two contrasting stories, namely the “strong president” story, and the “strong congress” story. This paper tries to consolidate the existing arguments and propose a new perspective focusing on the “compromise exchange” between the president and the congress across the different policy areas. It considers that the policy outcome is not brought by unilateral power of the president or the congress, but formed as the product of such an exchange. Download
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Personalized Foreign Policy Decision-making & Economic Dependence: A Comparative Study of Thailand & the Phils' China Policies by Wen Zha --- The existing literature on foreign policy fomulation suggests that individual leaders in small and politically unstable states exert a disproportionate impact on foreign policy-making. Some analysts further contend that personalized foreign policy decision-making is more likely to suffer from discontinuities. This article, however, argues that the foreign policies of small and politically unstable states exhibit considerable variation in terms of constancy. Download
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Presidential Term Limits & Party System Stability in New Democracies by Yuko Kasuya --- This paper examines the relationship between party-system instability and presidential term limits. I argue that among new democracies, a single-term limit on the presidency is more prone to destabilize the legislative-level party system than a multiple-term limit. Whether or not presidents are banned from immediate re-election affects the presence or absence of the incumbent in presidential elections, which is the driving force behind this conjecture. Download
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Electoral Rules & Government Spending in Parliamentary Democracies by Torsten Persson, Gerard Roland, & Guido Tabellini --- We present a theoretical model of a parliamentary democracy where electoral competition inside coalition governments induces higher spending than under single party governments. Policy preferences of parties are endogenous and derived from opportunistic reelection motives. The electoral rule affects government spending, but only indrectly: proportional elections induce a more fragmented party system and a larger incidence of coalition governments than do majoritarian elections. Download
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From Linz to Tsebelis: Three Waves of Presidential/Parliamentary Studies? by Robert Elgie --- The debate about the relative merits of presidentialism and parliamentarism has a long history, but it was revived in 1990 with Juan Linz’s articles about the supposed perils of presidentialism and the virtues of parliamentarism. The argument presented in this review is that we are now witnessing a ‘third wave’ of presidential/parliamentary studies since 1990. The ‘first wave’ began with Linz’s articles. . It was characterised by a debate in which there was one explanatory variable (the regime type) and one dependent variable (the success of democratic consolidation). Download
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Democratic Deficits in the Philippines: What is to be Done? by Clarita Carlos & Dennis Lalata with Dianne Despi & Portia Carlos --- There is no doubt that the importance of a good person, with the right intentions and with character, imbued in the highest office of the country, cannot be overestimated. With the extraordinary powers the 1987 Philippine Constitution bestowed upon the President, he will be able to change things and move the country forward – even with the limitation of only one six-year term in office. However, the example of the Ramos Administration in the ninetees, during which democracy seemed to have stabilized and a fresh wind of socioeconomic development pushed the country for some years into the mainstream of the booming SoutheastAsian region bears remembering how the country can fall back into political turmoil and socio-economic deadlock after a change of administration. Download
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The English Constitution by Walter Bagehot --- (pronounced as "Badge-yeot") There is a great difficulty in the way of a writer who attempts to sketch a living Constitution, — a Constitution that is in actual work and power. The difficulty is that the object is in constant change. An historical writer does not feel this difficulty: he deals only with the past; he can say definitely, the Constitution worked in such and such a manner in the year at which he begins, and in a manner in such and such respects different in the year at which he ends; he begins with a definite point of time and ends with one also. But a contemporary writer who tries to paint what is before him is puzzled and perplexed; what he sees is changing daily. Download
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Should the Philippines Turn Parliamentary? by Florencio Abad --- It is unfortunate that enlightened debate about the proposed shift in the form of government has been hampered by allegations of hidden motives by Senate leaders and by a public suspicious of an unspoken agenda of certain politicians. The senators fear that the proposal is a means to cut short their political careers. The public, in turn, suspects that the plan has been advanced to secure the political futures of those who hold higher political ambitions, as well as to prolong the careers of those affected by the term limits set by the Constitution. These reservations are not baseless nor unfair, given the embarrassing way patronage, narrow and self-interested politics have dominated the political way of life of the country Download
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The Perils of Presidentialism by Juan Linz --- As more of the world’s nations turn to democracy, interest in alternative constitutional forms and arrangements has expanded well beyond academic circles. In countries as dissimilar as Chile, South Korea, Brazil, Turkey, and Argentina, policymakers and constitutional experts have vigorously debated the relative merits of different types of democratic regimes. Some countries, like Sri Lanka, have switched from parliamentary to presidential constitutions. On the other hand. Latin Americans in particular have found themselves greatly impressed by the successful transition from authoritarianism to democracy that occurred in the 1970s in Spain, a transition to which the parliamentary form of government chosen by that country greatly contributed. Download
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The Shift to Parliamentary System: Changing the terrain for PO-NGO Intervention by Mr. Earl Parreño --- Every political system is at once unique and different from all others and is in Flux. The Philippine political system is no exception. While it is a creation of colonialism (Its first operational constitution an imitation of the American charter), it has undergone the subtle process of evolution, constantly modifying the political environment. In this process, new political actors in both local and national politics have emerged. The progressive POs/NGOs today have definitely emerged as important actors in the present political arena. T Download
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Democracy: Presidential or Parliamentary - Does it Make a Difference? by Juan Linz --- In recent decades renewed efforts have been made to study and understand the variety of political democracies, but most of those analyses have focused on the patterns of political conflict and more specifically on party systems and coalition formation, in contrast to the attention of many classical writers on the institutional arrangements. With the exception of the large literature on the impact of electoral systems on the shaping of party systems generated by the early writings of Ferdinand Hermens and the classic work by Maurice Duverger, as well as the writings of Douglas Rae and Giovanni Sartori, there has been little attention paid by political scientists to the role of political institutions except in the study of particular countries. Download
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Are Parliamentary Systems Better? by John Gerring, Strom Thacker, & Carola Moreno --- The institutional differences between presidential and parliamentary rule are well known, yet the practical effects of these divergent constitutional arrangements within democratic polities have received scant attention. This paper employs a global dataset to test the relationship between a historical measure of parliamentary rule and fourteen indicators ranging across three policy areas: political development, economic development, and human development. We find a strong relationship between parliamentarism and good governance, particularly in the latter two policy areas. To the extent that these institutions influence the quality of governance, parliamentary systems may offer advantages over presidential systems of democratic rule. Download
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The Failure of the Philippine Presidential System by Bastiaan van de Loo --- This article explains why the Philippines continues to be a weak state and that the prospects for building a stronger, sustainable state are dim under the current political system. Philippine elections are won through a mix of popularity, populism and money politics. This seriously undermines the strength of the state since the oligarchy expects returns for their investment in a candidate's campaign. Download
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Political Institutions & Corruption: The Role of Unitarism & Parliamentarism by John Gerring & Strom Thacker --- The CoRRECT™ Movement agrees with this paper in their finding that corruption tends to be lower in countries that use parliamentary systems, which is consistent with the findings of Loayza, Lederman, & Soares (2001). However, we disagree with Gerring & Thacker's finding that Federalism worsens corruption as this is conflated with bicameralism, which their paper claims worsens corruption levels. This is because all federalist countries but one (Fed. States of Micronesia) are bicameral. It also contradicts Loayza, Lederman, & Soares' finding that decentralization (of which Federalism is one type) improves accountability & lessens corruption. Download
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Accountability & Corruption: Political Institutions Matter by Norman Loayza, Daniel Lederman, & Rodrigo Soares --- This study uses a cross-country panel to examine the determinants of corruption, paying particular attention to political institutions that increase accountability. Even though the theoretical literature has stressed the importance of political institutions in determining corruption, the empirical literature is relatively scarce. Our results confirm the role of political institutions in determining the prevalence of corruption. Democracies, parliamentary systems, political stability, and freedom of press are all associated with lower corruption Download
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Presidentialism, Multiparty Systems & Democracy: The Difficult Equation by Scott Mainwaring --- This paper argues that the combination of a multiparty system and a presidential system is inimical to stable democracy. The paper presents empirical evidence that shows that few (4 of 25) stable democracies have presidential systems. Several features of presidential systems contribute to explaining why so few have become stable democracies; this paper focuses particularly on the possibility that presidential systems are more prone to immobilism, weak executive power, and destabilizing executive/legislative conflict than parliamentary systems. Download
Let’s be honest. Economic Liberalization is rather obvious to anyone who is untainted by pseudo-Nationalist pro-Oligarch or pro-Communist leftist propaganda: Less Protectionism = More investors = More Jobs = Good for everyone. No issues there among logical and rational people who do their best to stay away from misguided ideological biases. Economic Liberalization’s obvious benefits are rather straightforward and easy to understand. More Jobs, More Prosperity.
Evolving Federalism‘s benefits are also rather obvious: Just wander around Manila and see how over-congested and over-crowded it is, all because most economic opportunities are found exclusively in the capital, leaving the regions and provinces relatively neglected. Region-based decentralization (aka “Evolving Federalism”) thus ensures that empowering the regions economically and politically can give them the initiative and the power to pursue their own economic and cultural development. Why limit development only to the Capital when we have an entire country with 7,107 islands many of which are ripe for development? Evolving Federalism is thus an easy-to-understand proposition. Spread development.
But what about Shifting to the Parliamentary System? Alas, the US-centric media, news information, and Hollywood-based entertainment that Filipinos are largely exposed to inundates Filipinos with the words “President” and “Presidential“, so much so that we are just unable to shake off our fixation on the current Presidential System that is inspired – in form, though not in substance – by the American system. Understanding how shifting to the Parliamentary System will provide solid benefits to the Philippines most definitely requires that Filipinos first gain a good enough understanding of how a Parliamentary System truly works.
A large number of Filipinos have almost zero understanding of it unfortunately, and this is because we have no real exposure to it, unless such Filipinos live or work abroad as OFW’s in countries that actively use Parliamentary Systems. Most Filipinos don’t understand how a Prime Minister emerges, and the most common mistake Filipinos make is in thinking that Prime Ministers are “voted by the members of the Legislature to become Prime Ministers.” Wrong.
That is how Speakers of the House in the USA and Philippines – both Presidential Systems – are chosen. That is also how Speakers of Parliament in Parliamentary Systems are chosen. Speakers can be anyone: and they are chosen by their peers to become Speakers and Speakers are not the same as Prime Ministers. In the US & Philippine System, Speakers of the House “preside” over debates as moderators, yet they may be partisan and take sides on policies or issues. Majority Floor Leaders play the debating “lead role” that Prime Ministers in Parliamentary Systems play.
But in Parliamentary Systems, Speakers are strictly non-partisan and facilitate debates between two sides, and cannot take sides. For the longest time, Speakers of Parliament also wore distinctive attire: Wigs and Robes, resembling judges. Prime Ministers, on the other hand, lead the Majority side (aka “the Government”) in debates against the Minority side, which is in turn led by the Leader of the Opposition.
Prime Ministers actively engage in debate. Speakers do not.
Most Filipinos do not realize that Prime Ministers in Parliamentary Systems must always necessarily be the most senior leader (aka “the Party Leader) of the party that gets the Majority of all parliamentary seats (50% + 1 of all seats), or is the most senior leader of the party that has the most number of seats within a coalition that was formed with several other parties to form the majority bloc. Facts like these are often unknown to most Filipinos and this causes many to be unable to appreciate the logical and algorithmic superiority of the Parliamentary System versus the Presidential System, as they tend to think that what is currently practiced in the current Presidential System pertaining to the selection of the Speaker of the House will also apply in the selection of the Prime Minister. Unfortunately, that assumption is incorrect.
It is imperative that Filipinos be educated and informed to at least understand how Parliamentary Systems basically work and avoid wrongly assuming that the way the current House of Representatives in the Philippines works is also how a future Philippine Parliament will work.
To gain a good basic understanding of how parliamentary systems work, please familiarize yourselves first with the British Westminster System by visiting the UK’s Parliamentary Website (http://www.parliament.uk/) or by learning a bit about the Spanish Parliament.
Numerous links below have been compiled in order to give all Filipinos a better appreciation of how a Parliamentary System works and, more importantly, why Parliamentary Systems are Superior to Presidential Systems.
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Interview on GNN’s Business Portal Trends & Analysis “The Mid-East Crisis & Constitutional Reform” – focusing on the Parliamentary System:
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The articles below are extremely helpful to understanding the advantages that using a Parliamentary System has over using a Presidential System. It also helps that these articles talk about inputs of people from a variety of countries so that a much more comprehensive series of perspectives can be viewed.
Articles that other people wrote:
1. Parliament Works Better by Craig Ruff
2. Failure of the Presidential System by Mike (Netwars Blog)
3. Some Appealing Features of a Parliamentary System by Eric Black
4. Dismissing Gridlock: A Case for Parliamentary Systems by Dr. Lee Drutman
5. Parliamentary Government trumps Presidential by Ramesh Thakur
6. Why are Presidents Less Effective than Prime Ministers? by John Pavlus, based on the research of Daniel Deiermeier, Pohan Fong, & Razvan Vlaicu
7. Does America Need a Prime Minister? by Dr. Fareed Zakaria
8. Spain’s Electoral System – Historical Accident
9. Ivory Coast Can Learn from the Parliamentry System of Governance by Mamadou Koulibaly
10. Fika urges return to the Parliamentary System by Edwin Olofu
11. The National Question: Towards A New Constitutional Order by Anthony Enahoro
12. A Vote for Parliamentary Democracy by Cosmas Odoemena
13. Is Parliamentary the Best Option For Nigeria? by Davidson Iriekpen
14. Ajibola Advocates A Return to the Parliamentary System by Ifedayo Adebay
15. Parliamentary System is Best by Ibiyinka Solarin
16. Abdullah Abdullah of Afghanistan: Pro-Parliamentary
17. Might a Parliamentary System Better Serve Mexico? By Patrick Corcoran
18. Zakaria, Parliamentarism Vs. Presidentialism & Budget by Don Rich
19. Egypt Doesn’t Need Another Pharaoh by Alfred Stepan
20. Egypt’s Power Shift: from President to Parliament – through Proportional Representation by Ellen Lust
21. The Problem of a Presidential-Multiparty System by Hanta Yuda A.R.
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Articles to read:
- Philippine Progress: Shift in Sports, Shift in System — http://correctphilippines.org/philippineprogress
- Senator Pangilinan & the Parliamentary System — http://correctphilippines.org/spps
- The Parliamentary System fits the Philippines — http://correctphilippines.org/parliament_fits_the_philippines
- Two Filipinos: A Football Legend and a Spanish Prime Minister —http://correctphilippines.org/2_filipinos
PDF Files & Academic Studies:
- Perils of Presidentialism by Juan Linz, PhD
- Democracy: Presidential or Parliamentary – Does it Make a Difference? by Juan Linz, PhD
- The Advantages of Parliament beyond the Perils of Presidentialism: Parliament’s Prospects for Indirect Deliberative Democracy by François de Soete
- Should the Philippines Turn Parliamentary? by Butch Abad
- Corruption is Less in Parliamentary than Presidential Systems by Drs. Lederman, Loayza, and Soares
- Are Parliamentary Systems Better? by Drs. Gerring, Thacker, & Moreno
- IPER’s Whitepaper on the Parliamentary System by Earl Parreño
- Comparing Parliamentary versus Presidential Systems’ Corruption levels by Drs. Gerring & Thacker
- Democratic Deficits in the Philippines: What is to be done? by Dr. Clarita Carlos & Mr. Dennis Lalata (This is a book, start on page 16)
- Recruiting from Parliament and Beyond: The Selection of Ministers in Multilevel Spain by Juan Rodríguez Teruel
- Germany: The Original Mixed Member Proportional System by Michael Krennerich
- The Common Law and Economic Growth: Hayek Might be Right by Paul G. Mahone
- Democracy with An Adjective: Liberal Democracy in A Muslim Society by Dr. Bican Shahin
- Constitutional Choices for New Democracies by Arend Lijphart
- Latin American Presidencies Interrupted by Arturo Valenzuela
- Can Presidentialism Work Like Parliamentarism? by Josep M. Colomer and Gabriel L. Negretto
- Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy The Difficult Combination by Scott Mainwaring
- Government Coalitions and Legislative Success Under Presidentialism and Parliamentarism by José Antonio Cheibub, Adam Przeworski, and Sebastian Saiegh
- Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism by Wolfgang Müller, Torbjörn Bergman & Kaare Strøm
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Useful Country Rankings:
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Useful Diagrams on the Parliamentary System